Showing posts with label Neuroscience. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Neuroscience. Show all posts

Sunday, January 22, 2012

The Age of Maturity


“... until when he attains his maturity and reaches forty years ...” (46:15) 

Why does God specify the age forty in this verse? Why does the mention of the age forty immediately follows the mention of maturity? Are the two related? Is the age forty, the age that maturity is attained? I do not know the answer, and I will not claim that the tradition that I am about to post will answer these questions.  However, the tradition that I will mention in this post, could certainly shed light on this verse and provides a vivid clue for us.  

Is there anything special about the age forty? 

Before stating the tradition, I would like to invite you to read the following two articles.  The first article is approximately one year old, and the second article is less than two weeks old.  In other words, we cannot by any means consider the information in these articles as outdated.  In fact, the opposite is the case.  These articles are in line with the latest scientific findings with regard to the brain development. 

Here are the articles:


& 


Read these two articles carefully. Then read the following Authentic tradition.  Then read these two articles again. After doing so, you may feel one step closer to understanding the significance of the age forty and its connection to maturity. I can only assume that in the near future as neuroscience advances further, our understanding of the link between age and brain development will become more accurate.

Arabic Text:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنْ دَاوُدَ عَنْ سَيْفٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع إِنَّ الْعَبْدَ لَفِي فُسْحَةٍ مِنْ أَمْرِهِ مَا بَيْنَهُ وَ بَيْنَ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً فَإِذَا بَلَغَ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً أَوْحَى اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ إِلَى مَلَكَيْهِ قَدْ عَمَّرْتُ عَبْدِي هَذَا عُمُراً فَغَلِّظَا وَ شَدِّدَا وَ تَحَفَّظَا وَ اكْتُبَا عَلَيْهِ قَلِيلَ عَمَلِهِ وَ كَثِيرَهُ وَ صَغِيرَهُ وَ كَبِيرَهُ
Farsi Translation:

ابو بصير گويد: امام صادق عليه السّلام فرمود: همانا بنده در آزادى و گسترشى است از كار خود تا بچهل سالگى، و چون بچهل سالگى رسيد خداى عز و جل به دو فرشته‏اى كه بر او موكل هستند وحى كند من ببنده خود اين عمر را دادم، از اين پس بر او سخت گيريد و كاملا مراقبش باشيد و هر كار كم و زياد و خرد و كلانش را بنويسيد.

English Translation:

Muhammad bin Yahya has narrated from Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Eissa from Ali bin Al-Hakam from Dawood from Sayf from Abi Basir who has said: Abu Abdullah (peace be upon him) said:
The worshipper - to some extent - is free to do whatever he wants until he reaches the age of forty years old. Once he is forty years old, Allah the Almighty reveals to His angels that He allowed His worshipper to live for many years [forty years], So from now on you should write down [all of] his acts and works, perform that with much care and precision whether they [his works and acts] are few or much; small or great.


Source:
Al-Kafi, Volume 8, Page 108, Tradition #84

Friday, July 29, 2011

Some of The Pious Actions of The Prophet and His Brother

One of the most important parts of human nature is to attach itself to a role model. This model could either be a fictional model, such as a character from a fictional book, or a movie, or this role model could be an actual person, whether religiously good or bad.  The point is that it is in our nature to follow someone, who we respect or admire. Unfortunately, some people choose to follow a hollywood (or a bollywood) celebrity, a singer, an entertainer, or generally someone who is not religiously worthy to be followed or admired.   
           
            Then, why is this the case, even among some muslim youths? Why should our youths choose to admire irreligious hollywood celebrities or singers/rappers or sports players? Are celebrities the sources of morality and ethics? Are they the people from whom we should learn about morality and proper daily behaviour?  Are they the people that our religion has guided us to learn from?
           
            Some may quickly answer “no, we do not take them as role models, we do not follow them, but we like to know more about them.” Why?  Why spend our limited time knowing about the lives and lifestyles of those who are not religiously worthy to be admired or followed? Isn’t our time limited?

            Sometimes I wonder, do our youths know more about celebrities (i.e. singers/rappers & sports players) or about their Prophets and Imams (peace be upon them).  Sometimes when I speak with our youths, I notice that they can lip sync to a rap song perfectly or they can give a detailed account of an sporting event, yet they have not chosen to memorize any tradition or any Qur’anic verse.  They can tell us about which celebrity said what and when, but they cannot tell us how their Prophet or Imams behaved in certain situations.  Why is this the case?
           
            In my opinion, there are two reasons.  Firstly, lack of encouragement and motivation from their family, colleagues and peers to seek and get educated about Islamic teachings. Secondly, daily bombardment of luxurious worldly lifestyles through media which in turn encourages their carnal souls to follow their worldly desires.
           
            To combat against both reasons, in my opinion, education is the key. However, this education needs to be accessible.  An important part of this education should be a focus on the subconscious activities of the brain.  Most of us may not be aware about the affects of media on our subconscious.  We need to realize that every image that goes through our eyes, and every word that goes through our ears, and every word that comes out of mouths, and every action that we commit with our hands and legs, directly, affects our body and brain, which in turn directly affects our perception, our thoughts and our future actions.   We don’t see with our eyes, we see with our brains/minds.  We hear with our ears, we hear with our brains/minds.  Subsequently, any change to our brains/minds, affects our perception (Seeing and hearing included) of this world/reality.  This is precisely the reason that our religion repeatedly emphasizes on staying away from bad friends and bad environments, because where we go and what we do directly affects who we are and how we perceive.
           
            Another part of this education program should be providing links and easy access to religiously worthy role models, such as our Prophet and Imams, peace be upon them. We need to seek and focus on acceptable traditions, which clearly guide us to learn about the actions of our Prophet and Imams.  This is precisely one of the reasons, why our Prophet and Imams were sent, to show to us what God through the Qur’an commands, in action.  Their actions exemplify the teachings and the words of God in the Quran.  The more we know and follow their actions, the better and easier we will understand the Quran and see reality for what it actually is.  This is precisely why these two weighty things cannot be separated from one another.  One teaches us the laws and commands in words and the other teaches us the laws and commands through actions.  We cannot learn either one without the other. 
           
            What I say, I say so having neuroscience and human psychology in mind. Your environment, your experiences and your actions directly affect your neural networks in your brain and in turn your perception of the world and reality.
           
            With this knowledge in mind, I would encourage whoever reads this post, to seek and to know the actions of our Prophet and Imams, and imitate their behaviour as closely as possible. Keep in mind that we all live in different circumstances.  For this reason what we is possible for one person, may not be possible for another. Therefore, it is better to help one another to improve according to their own capacities, and it is better to not force one another to do exactly as we do.
           
            I say what I say, hoping that we realize the importance of following the actions of our Prophet and our Imams. I apologize if I sound too “preachy.” I do not desire to be “preachy,” rather I merely want to highlight the affects of our actions and environments on our brains and perceptions.

            In this post, I would like to present an Authentic tradition, which names a few of the regular actions of our beloved Prophet and Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, peace be upon them, which we need to try to incorporate into our daily lives.  Do not forget that even small actions on regular basis affect and change our brains and hence our perceptions.

            Now, without any further ado, I present to you the following Authentic tradition.

Arabic Text:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ وَهْبٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ مَا أَكَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص مُتَّكِئاً مُنْذُ بَعَثَهُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ إِلَى أَنْ قَبَضَهُ تَوَاضُعاً لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ وَ مَا رَأَى رُكْبَتَيْهِ أَمَامَ جَلِيسِهِ فِي مَجْلِسٍ قَطُّ وَ لَا صَافَحَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص رَجُلًا قَطُّ فَنَزَعَ يَدَهُ مِنْ يَدِهِ حَتَّى يَكُونَ الرَّجُلُ هُوَ الَّذِي يَنْزِعُ يَدَهُ وَ لَا كَافَأَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص بِسَيِّئَةٍ قَطُّ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى لَهُ ادْفَعْ بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ السَّيِّئَةَ (المؤمنون: 96) فَفَعَلَ وَ مَا مَنَعَ سَائِلًا قَطُّ إِنْ كَانَ عِنْدَهُ أَعْطَى وَ إِلَّا قَالَ يَأْتِي اللَّهُ بِهِ وَ لَا أَعْطَى عَلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ شَيْئاً قَطُّ إِلَّا أَجَازَهُ اللَّهُ إِنْ كَانَ لَيُعْطِي الْجَنَّةَ فَيُجِيزُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَهُ ذَلِكَ قَالَ وَ كَانَ أَخُوهُ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَ الَّذِي ذَهَبَ بِنَفْسِهِ مَا أَكَلَ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا حَرَاماً قَطُّ حَتَّى خَرَجَ مِنْهَا وَ اللَّهِ إِنْ كَانَ لَيَعْرِضُ لَهُ الْأَمْرَانِ كِلَاهُمَا لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ طَاعَةٌ فَيَأْخُذُ بِأَشَدِّهِمَا عَلَى بَدَنِهِ وَ اللَّهِ لَقَدْ أَعْتَقَ أَلْفَ مَمْلُوكٍ لِوَجْهِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ دَبِرَتْ فِيهِمْ يَدَاهُ وَ اللَّهِ مَا أَطَاقَ عَمَلَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص مِنْ بَعْدِهِ أَحَدٌ غَيْرُهُ وَ اللَّهِ مَا نَزَلَتْ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص نَازِلَةٌ قَطُّ إِلَّا قَدَّمَهُ فِيهَا ثِقَةً مِنْهُ بِهِ وَ إِنْ كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص لَيَبْعَثُهُ بِرَايَتِهِ فَيُقَاتِلُ جَبْرَئِيلُ عَنْ يَمِينِهِ وَ مِيكَائِيلُ عَنْ يَسَارِهِ ثُمَّ مَا يَرْجِعُ حَتَّى يَفْتَحَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَهُ

Farsi Translation:

معاوية بن وهب از امام صادق عليه السّلام روايت كرده كه فرمود: هيچ گاه رسول خدا (ص) از روزى كه خدا او را به پيامبرى برانگيخت تا وقتى كه از اين دنيا رفت در حال تكيه زدن خوراك نخورد و اين بخاطر فروتنى و تواضع براى خداى عز و جل بود، و هيچ گاه دو زانوى او جلوتر از همنشين (بغلى) او ديده نشد ]يعنى جلوتر از ديگران نمي‏نشست، و مجلسى (ره) احتمال ديگرى نيز داده و گفته: يعنى هيچ گاه زانويش را گرچه مورد حاجت هم بود برفيقش كه در مجلس نشسته بود نشان نميداد بخاطر شرمى كه از او داشت ...[ و هيچ گاه رسول خدا (ص) با مردى دست نداد كه پيش از رها كردن او دست خود را از دستش بكشد تا وقتى كه آن مرد دستش را ميكشيد، و هيچ گاه بدى را ببدى مكافات نكرد، خداى تعالى بدو فرمود: «بدى را بآنچه نيكوتر است دفع كن» (سوره مؤمنون آيه 96) و او نيز اين دستور را بكار بست. و هيچ گاه كسى چيزى از او نخواست كه او را رد كند (بدين ترتيب كه) اگر داشت باو ميداد، و اگر نداشت ميفرمود: خدا ميدهد، و هرگز از طرف خدا چيزى نبخشيد و تعهد نكرد جز آنكه خداوند آن را امضاء ميفرمود، اگر بهشت را نيز بكسى مي‏بخشيد خدا باو ميداد.
و برادرش [على عليه السّلام] نيز- سوگند بدان كه جانش را گرفت- هرگز چيز حرامى از مال دنيا نخورد تا وقتى كه از اين جهان رفت، و بخدا سوگند هر گاه دو كار براى او پيش مي ‏آمد كه هر دوى آنها مورد اطاعت و فرمانبردارى خداى عز و جل بود آنكه انجام آن بر تنش سخت‏تر بود آن را انتخاب ميفرمود، و بخدا قسم هزار بنده در راه خدا آزاد كرد كه براى پيدا كردن پول خريد آنها دستش تاول زده و مجروح شده بود، و بخدا سوگند كسى تاب عمل و كار رسول خدا (ص) را پس از آن حضرت (ص) جز على نداشت، و بخدا سوگند هيچ گاه براى رسول خدا (ص) پيش آمد ناگوارى رخ نداد جز آنكه على عليه السّلام را روى اطمينان و اعتمادى كه باو داشت براى انجام آن كار جلو مي ‏انداخت و روانه ميكرد، و چنان بود كه رسول خدا (ص) پرچم جنگ خود را بدست او ميداد و جبرئيل از طرف راست و ميكائيل از سمت چپش ميجنگيدند، و از جنگ باز نميگشت تا خداى عز و جل او را پيروز و فاتح سازد.

English Translation:

Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmed ibn Muhammad  from Ali ibn Al-Hakam from Mo'aweya ibn Wahb from Abu Abd Allah (peace be upon him) who has said: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) never, since the day his open mission began until his death, ate while he was lying or on his side, due to his modesty. His knees were never seen by anyone sitting in front of him. When he shook hand with any man he met, he didn't remove his hands unless the other man showed that he wanted to. He has never punished anyone, who insulted him as Allah told him: Repel evil with that which is better (Al Mo'minoon:96)  and he did so.

      He never rejected anyone who asked him; if he had something that could be given, he would give it, otherwise [if he didn’t have what he was asked for] he would say: Allah will give it to you. And any promises he gave to anyone for things from Allah, Allah the Almighty had given him permission to do so. If he had promised Paradise to anyone, it would be due to Allah the Almighty’s permission to do so.

      And I swear by Allah that his brother [Ali ibn Abi Talib] also never ate anything forbidden until he died. I swear by Allah that when he was choosing between two things that were permitted by Allah, he used to choose the one harder to his body. I swear by Allah that he liberated one thousand slaves for Allah, and to do so he worked with his own hands to the point of exhaustion. I swear by Allah that no one could afford to follow the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) except him. I swear by Allah that almost every hard time that was passed over to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), he assigned them to him because he trusted him. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to send him as the commander of his army with the flag of the army, and Gibre’el [Gabriel] on the right of him and Meka'el [Mikael] on the left of him would fight [side-by-side with him against the enemies], and he did not come back until they achieved victory.


List of the Dos and Don’ts from this tradition:

1)  Do not eat while you are lying or leaning on your side.
2) Keep your knees covered from others.
3) Do not be the first person to pull your hand away when you are shaking hands.
4) Do not react severely or harshly when someone wrongs you.
5) Do not reject anyone when they ask you for something.  If you have what they ask for give it and if you do not then pray for them to Allah so Allah gives it to them.
6) Do not make any false promises.  Only promise what is permissible to promise.
7) When faced with two permissible actions, choose the one that is harder on your body.
8) Work extremely hard to free slaves. [Keep in mind that slavery comes in many forms]

               
Source:
Al-Kafi, Volume 8, Page 164, Tradition #175

Friday, May 6, 2011

Unwilled Offences

In this post I will present a very short yet insightful tradition.  This tradition is about a specific phrase inside a Quranic verse, “إِلَّا اللَّمَمَ.” 
           
            Just like other traditions, multiple lessons can be extracted from this tradition as well.   However, what caught my eyes, as an individual who is interested in cognitive sciences, was how our Imam, peace be upon him, concisely clarified that quitting habits cannot occur suddenly and overnight.  The frequency of committing the habit may decrease more and more over time, if the individual has decided to quit that habit, but it is almost impossible, if possible at all, to quit  a well-established habit overnight. 
           
            For those who are interested about the scientific reason behind such behaviour, “unwilled offences”, I recommend you study the phenomenon of Neuroplasticity, which investigates the formation and plasticity of connections amongst neurons in our brains.

            Very briefly speaking, every action we commit is directly related to specific neurons in our brains.  Our experiences and our actions form and change the neuron network in our brains.  If we commit an action frequently, that network, which is formed by that action, gains strength and stability, and hence a habit will be formed. Since our brain likes stability and homeostasis, once a network is strengthened and firm in our brains, disconnecting it and dismantling it would not be easy, and requires persistence and a strong will power. This is why quitting habits is not easy and takes time.

            This is of course an extremely brief overview of the neuroscience behind the formation of habits.  I like to emphasize the fact that this was an extremely brief overview, and if you are interested in the neuroscience behind habits, I suggest you examine the phenomenon of Neuroplasticity.

            Here’s an excellent book, which I strongly recommend on this topic.  Read and learn how you can use brain science to help yourself quit your negative habits.

The Brain That Changes Itself:

Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science

 

            Initially, if this is the first time you hear about the neuroscience behind habits, you may not see the significance behind this tradition.  However, the more you study cognitive sciences, and the significance of our subconscious mind, you may appreciate this tradition more and more.

            Lastly, when you read this tradition, if you could think of any other lessons that could be extracted from it, please do share them by writing a comment and letting all the readers know about other possible lessons from this tradition.  

Without any further ado here’s the tradition. This tradition is graded as Good.

5)

Arabic Text:

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ مَا مِنْ ذَنْبٍ إِلَّا وَ قَدْ طُبِعَ عَلَيْهِ عَبْدٌ مُؤْمِنٌ يَهْجُرُهُ الزَّمَانَ ثُمَّ يُلِمُّ بِهِ وَ هُوَ قَوْلُ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ الَّذِينَ يَجْتَنِبُونَ كَبائِرَ الْإِثْمِ وَ الْفَواحِشَ إِلَّا اللَّمَمَ (53:32)  قَالَ اللَّمَّامُ الْعَبْدُ الَّذِي يُلِمُّ الذَّنْبَ بَعْدَ الذَّنْبِ لَيْسَ مِنْ سَلِيقَتِهِ أَيْ مِنْ
طَبِيعَتِهِ
Farsi Translation:

حضرت صادق عليه السّلام فرمود: هيچ گناهى نيست جز آنكه بنده مؤمنى بدان خو گرفته، مدتى آن را واگذارد سپس (دوباره) بآن دست زند، و آن است گفتار خداى عز و جل: «آنان كه دورى گزينند از گناهان بزرگ و ناشايسته‏ ها جز لمم» (53:32)  فرمود: امام: آن بنده‏ ايست كه بگناهى پس از گناهى دست زند كه موافق سليقه او يعنى از طبيعت او نيست

English Translation:

Narrated by Ali Ibn Ibrahim from his father from Hammad Ibn Eissa from Huraiz from Ishaaq Ibn Ammar from Abu Abdullah (peace be upon him) who said:
Every sin that becomes a habit and then is abandoned by a believing servant for a period of time, he repeats unwillingly. This is in the words of Allah the Most Exalted: “Those who avoid enormities of sin and abominations save the unwilled offences.” (53:32) The minor offender is a servant who commits sin after sin, which are not in line with his disposition, meaning his nature.


Source:
Al-Kafi, Volume 2, Page 442, Tradition #5